tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-68252432024-03-07T01:26:01.800-08:00disabled ChristianityDiscussion of issues related to Christianity/theology and persons with disability, and disability ministry hosted by Jeff McNair, a Special Education professor. Jeff and his wife Kathi have been involved in ministry with adults with intellectual disabilities for 40 years. (all entries are © Jeff McNair).Jeff McNairhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10029386598033932429noreply@blogger.comBlogger685125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6825243.post-70910480785157081882022-09-01T16:29:00.001-07:002022-09-01T16:39:59.025-07:00Loan forgiveness vs. supporting Americans with disabilities<p> Over the years I have come to know many people with various disabilities who are living at or below the poverty line. Several have literally been waiting for over 10 years to get onto section 8 in order to receive housing benefits. In the community where I live, a small apartment is about 1300$ per month. If you consider that social security is a little over a thousand per month, you can see the difficulties people face just making ends meet. And you also realize that as you work your financial benefit decreases. So, these are people in desperate need of assistance that the government doesn't care about. </p><p>But if you make over 100 thousand per year, they can find 10,000$ to give you to pay off a student loan. In all, they can find 300 billion dollars. I don't care what your political preference is, but it is easy to see my frustration with this. This is not caring about the needs of citizens. If we were really interested in the needs of citizens we would care for citizens who are the most needy and we don't. </p><p>My friends wait for help so they can live above the poverty all the while being told there is no money available. While those in government are quick to give money to those who they think will help their political aspirations and bring them power. Otherwise they could care less about you. </p><p>If you would like to disagree, tell me how people with student loans that they chose to take on are more in need than those with disabilities who through no fault of their own live in poverty. Tell me why we can find money for loan forgiveness but not for housing aid. </p><p>This is just the latest from uncaring power motivated political hacks who call themselves "leaders."</p><p>McNair</p>Jeff McNairhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10029386598033932429noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6825243.post-13938947720834229692022-04-20T13:23:00.003-07:002022-04-20T13:23:21.863-07:00Free Bible lessons download on Philippians for adults with disabilities<p> Jeff and Kathi McNair have been facilitating an adult ministry that particularly includes adults with intellectual disabilities. They have published 3 curricula for this ministry on Psalms, Romans and Hebrews. With each of these curricula, Jeff wrote the lessons, taught them, and then revised them such they are in the final form you see. </p><p><b>They have just released a new curriculum on Philippians as a FREE download. The download is available here.</b></p><p><a href="http://www.jeffmcnair.com/curricula/" target="_blank">Lessons from the Light & Power Company: Philippians</a></p><p>We hope you will enjoy trying out this curriculum!</p><p>McNair</p>Jeff McNairhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10029386598033932429noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6825243.post-72247758528569542112022-04-12T12:45:00.000-07:002022-04-12T12:45:27.183-07:00Be aware of manipulation<p>It has been interesting over the years of ministry with adults with intellectual disabilities, that there have been several occasions, only a few, where those with higher functioning disabilities have manipulated those with a bit less intellectual abilities.</p><p>One happened about 10 years back when two women got into a sequence of altercations. The higher functioning woman seemed to instigate the confrontations. Because she had a better command of language, she would typically frustrate the other. This happened repeatedly until ultimately the woman with less command of language in frustration pushed her such that she fell down. The result was the the first woman called the police, filed an assault charge and basically scared the other half to death. I would reassure her that nothing would happen as a result and nothing did, but it forever scarred the less capable woman and she never returned to our ministry the other for a while would show up with her Cheshire cat grin.</p><p>Most recently, a similar situation occurred between two women and a man in our group. The women being the higher functioning and the man less so. We ultimately came to understand how the two had been manipulating the man. I spoke to him on several occasions trying to explain to him what was happening to him and also spoke to one of the women telling her to stop the behaviors she was engaging in. But she continued and her manipulation was too powerful for him. Ultimately it set him off to where he became mildly physically aggressive but it might have been much worse. As it stands, all three of the group are not involved in our ministry. The man through input from his family has separated himself from our ministry, probably a wise move on his part, and the women were asked to leave for a period of time. I plan to continue to facilitate friendship with the man. Hopefully they will follow our request to refrain from the social media interactions and posts that led to the altercation.</p><p>The take home lesson is that people are people and will often do the kinds of things people will do. Particularly if the see that they have some power over others. If you are aware, try to protect those in your group who might seem more competent than they are and can be bullied by others. I was grateful that the altercation didn't escalate more than it did.</p><p>McNair</p>Jeff McNairhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10029386598033932429noreply@blogger.com5tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6825243.post-4291534142615602332021-09-14T15:00:00.001-07:002021-09-14T15:00:08.261-07:00The plan of salvation<p> </p><p>Years ago, I believe I shared this pictorial presentation of the gospel message. I have used it literally for decades to teach about the plan of salvation to persons with intellectual and other disabilities. I draw the picture on the whiteboard and then go through it with our group. <br /></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhWvMVa2XNvwtrWveIxdHA-vvV5Btm5wb337uK_3_uCPdrGD1Fz3d6z8g0dhd0iIephfhwuIKIV29GYmOCq9VYMWYAVmV67RyHm9gtErzETpYE2tkWhO3zzDEd4ntoHOr5cfeboqQ/" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="218" data-original-width="313" height="223" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhWvMVa2XNvwtrWveIxdHA-vvV5Btm5wb337uK_3_uCPdrGD1Fz3d6z8g0dhd0iIephfhwuIKIV29GYmOCq9VYMWYAVmV67RyHm9gtErzETpYE2tkWhO3zzDEd4ntoHOr5cfeboqQ/" width="320" /></a></div><br /><p></p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-no-proof: yes;"><v:shapetype coordsize="21600,21600" filled="f" id="_x0000_t75" o:preferrelative="t" o:spt="75" path="m@4@5l@4@11@9@11@9@5xe" stroked="f">
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">-First
picture of sad face shows that we are all sinners, we all do bad things. We are
NOT right with God.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Romans
3:10-12 As the Scriptures say, “No one is righteous – not even one. No one is
truly<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">wise;
no one is seeking God. All have turned away; all have become useless. No one
does<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">good,
not a single one.”<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></i></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">-Picture
of cross – but Jesus died on the cross for our sins.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Romans
3:22 We are made right with God by placing our faith in Jesus Christ.<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></i></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">-Smiling
face and gift – If we place our faith in Jesus we are forgiven. Our forgiveness
is a free<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">gift.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Romans
6:23 For the wages of sin is death, but the free gift of God is eternal life
through<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Christ
Jesus our Lord.<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">I
will sometimes say at this point, “You know, if we work real hard and try to do
what is right, then God will give us a pay check of forgiveness and life with
Him in heaven, right?” They have come the expect this joke and will respond,
“No Jeff, it is not a paycheck it is a free gift.” Which I will affirm. “Yes!
It is a free gift we get if we believe in Jesus.”<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">-Picture
of the dove – God then gives us his Holy Spirit to guide us. The dove is based upon Jesus' baptism where the spirit descended on him in the form of a dove. Because of my picture, I also always get the comment that we receive the "holy chicken" which is always good for a laugh!<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Romans
5:5 And this hope will not lead to disappointment. For we know how dearly God
loves<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">us,
because he has given us the Holy Spirit to fill our hearts with his love.<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Romans
8:26 And the Holy Spirit helps us in our weakness.<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></i></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">-Picture
of the house – Someday we will be with the Lord in Heaven because of our faith.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">John
14:1-3 “Don’t let your hearts be troubled. Trust in God, and trust also in me.
There is<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">more
than enough room in my father’s home. If there were not so, would I have told
you that I<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">am
going to prepare a place for you.<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">2
Corinthians 5:8 Yes, we are fully confident, and we would rather be away from
these earthly<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">bodies,
for then we will be at home with the Lord.<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">I
always ask our group, “What will you say when you go to the place that Jesus
has prepared for<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">you?”
They respond, “I am home!”<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">You
might ask if people in your group believe this. If it is for the first time,
you can pray with<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">them.
We have actually used this picture as a way that people can explain their faith
such that<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">they can be baptized and join the church.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Hope this helps!</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">McNair</span></p>Jeff McNairhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10029386598033932429noreply@blogger.com5tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6825243.post-68053760092689790952021-05-17T08:43:00.001-07:002021-05-17T08:43:19.396-07:00Sow what? A different perspective on the parable of the sower<p> </p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Galatians 6:7 - <b><sup><span style="background: white; color: black;"> </span></sup></b><span style="background: white; color: black;"><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; float: none; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">Do not be deceived:</span><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; float: none; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"> God cannot be mocked. A man reaps what he
sows.</span></span></span></p>
<div style="text-align: left; text-indent: 0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">A farmer was having trouble with a crop
that he was attempting to grow. In desperation, he called the county
agricultural office who promptly sent an expert to help him solve his problem.<br /></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"> “Thank you so much for coming!”<br /></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"> “We are here to help. What seems to be the
problem?”<br /></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"> “Well, it’s like my field isn’t producing
the right crop. I plant the seeds, but never get exactly what I have planted.”
The farmer rubbed his chin. “I don’t’ know what is wrong.”<br /></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"> The expert began to walk through the field
as the spoke.<br /> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"> The farmer continued. “I know the story
about the seed falling on rocky ground but as you can see, no rocky ground
here. And also about the birds eating the seeds or the weeds choking them out.
The birds are always a challenge, but they wouldn’t cause the kind of problem
we are having. As you can see, the crop itself looks pretty pure. Not a lot of
weeds growing up.”<br /></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"> “What exactly are you planting?” asked the
expert.<br /></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"> “Oh, just wheat.”<br /></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"> The expert knelt down to the plants. He
brushed his hand across the top of the stubby, short growing, green blades. He
picked a few of and studied them.<br /></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"> Watching the expert, the farmer continued, “The
only thing I can figure is that there must be something wrong with the soil.
Why wouldn’t it grow, why wouldn’t it produce the right thing, the thing I am
planting?”<br /></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"> The expert took off his hat and scratched
his head. “You say you are trying to grow wheat?”<br /></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"> “Yep. Have been trying to grow it for
years. Always get the same result. Most of the farms around here have the same
problem. At Friday morning coffee we get together and can’t understand what is
up. I mean we all get our seed from the same place. They have a self-service
kind of an operation, so we pick out our own seed that we plant.”<br /></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"> The expert reached down and pulled up a small plant from
the field. “Look at this plant” he said as he held it out to the farmer. "Forget
about what you are trying to grow and tell me what this plant looks like.”<br /></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"> “Well, yeah. It looks like grass to me.
But all the other farmers are producing the same kind of plants.”<br /></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">The farmer stood silently.<br /></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"> “Let me see you seeds.”<br /></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"> The farmer reached into a bag, pulled out
a handful, and held out his palm covered with the seed.<br /> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"> The expert shook his head and scoffed. “This
is grass seed! It looks a little like wheat, but you aren’t getting wheat
because you aren’t planting wheat.”<br /></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"> “What?!”<br /></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"> “C’mon, you are a farmer. At least I
thought you were a farmer. You want wheat to grow, you need to plant wheat
seeds. You can’t plant grass seed and expect wheat to grow.”<br /></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"> The farmer just stared surprised at the
expert with open mouth.<br /></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"> “I would bet that the farmers that taught
you how to farm didn’t know the difference between wheat seed and grass seed
either…”</span><br /></div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">In
my experience, all around the world, churches are places where people with
disabilities are too often not sought out, not invited in, not included and
loved like anyone else. How could we literally have generations of Christian
communities where this is the accepted practice? Perhaps for generations, the
farmers, the leadership of the Christian community, have been planting the
wrong seed. The soil, in other words the congregation, is not necessarily the
problem. It is the seed that is being planted by the farmer, what is taught and
expected from the leadership, that is the problem.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal">McNair</p>Jeff McNairhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10029386598033932429noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6825243.post-74064257714493114262021-05-06T07:51:00.001-07:002021-05-06T07:51:13.358-07:00Suffering and prayer<p> I was watching a TV show last night. In it, a couple was separated. As children, there was a scene where they were hiding from school authorities by lying on their backs in a field. At a poignant moment, the boy reaches over and holds the girl's hand. Later, they are best friends. When they are separated from each other, each lays in bed thinking of that event of holding the other's hand. Each reaches out their hand to a space next to them and thinks of the other but no one is there. They are each completely helpless.</p><p>As I watched that, I felt sad. There was nothing they could do but sadly think about their missing friend and whether they would see them again. They could do nothing to help the other and perhaps alleviate whatever they might be facing.</p><p>I have been in that place where I knew of the suffering of friends and others that I love. But there was something that I could do. I could pray. Prayer is always a good practice. But particularly when you are in a place where there is nothing else that you can do, God provides something extremely powerful that you can do. You can pray. That is a big comfort! You have the ability to boldly approach God and ask him to intervene in a situation (Hebrews 4:16). You ask him for his will to be done (Mark 14:36). You ask him to comfort and give grace to those who are going through a difficult time (2 Corinthians 12:9). You ask him to help you and those for whom you are praying to not worry (Philippians 4:6).</p><p>People will also sometimes say, there was nothing I could do but pray. Can you see that prayer is the first and the best thing you could do? Of course when there are other ways to assist, we should try to do those things. However, prayer should not be minimized.</p><p>A hard right turn...</p><p>I worry about the direction our country is going in. We are moving away from foundational principles like freedom of speech. I talk about this in my university classes, but otherwise I am not sure what to do. But the Bible tells us what we can do. In 2 Chronicles 7:14 the Lord said the following to Solomon.</p><p><b><i>...if my people, who are called by my name, will humble themselves and pray and seek my face and turn from their wicked ways, then I will hear from heaven and will forgive their sin and will heal their land.</i></b></p><p>Notice it says "if <b>MY</b> people, who are called by <b>MY</b> name, will humble themselves and pray..." We have power to change our direction. The answer is not whining and condemnation of others. A major part of the answer is people's prayer.</p><p>McNair</p><p><br /></p>Jeff McNairhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10029386598033932429noreply@blogger.com8tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6825243.post-82082675080186300272021-03-05T09:46:00.000-08:002021-03-05T09:46:06.004-08:00Disability and the sovereignty of God<p> I recently had the opportunity to do a sermon at my church. My topic was God's sovereignty, particularly in the context of disability. I talked about how we support or "carry" others for whom the sovereignty of God is difficult, and also how to respond when it is difficult for us our selves. </p><p>Should you be interested in watching the sermon, here is the link.</p><p><a href="https://www.trinityonline.org/sermon/responding-to-gods-sovereignty/" target="_blank">Responding to God's Sovereignty</a></p><p>McNair</p>Jeff McNairhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10029386598033932429noreply@blogger.com7tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6825243.post-2423956895896033212021-03-05T09:15:00.000-08:002021-03-05T09:15:19.662-08:00Disability and the fall of man<p> I recently had a conversation with a friend who was doing research on issues surrounding disability ministry. In the midst of the conversation he asked, "Do you think that disability is the result of the fall of man?' Well, he knows who I am. I am not a theologian or pastor, but just a person who reads his Bible and thinks a lot about disability issues. So on some level I am not sure what kind of a response he was expecting. But as I thought about it I responded in the only way I could think of.</p><p>"It doesn't matter" I replied.</p><p>That isn't the response a theologian wants. And sure, on many levels it is important to try to understand deep things. However, in terms of whether or not there is disability is a result of the fall of man, makes absolutely no difference relative to the way I interact with people with disabilities in my life. Obviously there are things that people have experienced resulting in disability that are very important to understand in order to come alongside of them to support them. Whether it is violence, disease or some form of emotional abuse, I want to be sensitive to a person's history. But it doesn't matter to me whether or not Adam's sin caused disability or didn't. His sin definitely led to the sinful world we all live in. My response to that is to ask, "How can I be made right with God?"</p><p>I do have an answer to that question. Romans 3:22 says, "We are made right with God by placing our faith in Jesus Christ and this is true for everyone who believes, no matter who we are." This is the bigger answer that we need to have. This is also what we need to help everyone to understand, "no matter who we are."</p><p>McNair</p>Jeff McNairhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10029386598033932429noreply@blogger.com20tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6825243.post-51644881282414512742021-02-11T09:05:00.002-08:002021-02-12T07:57:40.058-08:00The cancel culture and allegiance to ideas vs allegiance to relationships: The prophetic presence of persons with disabilities<p> It has been a while since I have posted here! I am hoping to get back into posting so cross your fingers!</p><p>Recently, I have been thinking about a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolf_Wolfensberger" target="_blank">Wolfensberger </a>idea regarding the prophetic presence of persons with disabilities. He talks about it in his writing a bit. I am working on expanding his idea. </p><p>I have a friend and colleague, Dr. Keith Walters, and we have become kind of political foils to each other. Our conversations are just the type that people should have with those with whom they don't completely agree. Our talks are deep, at times contentious, but always friendly and always fun. I am confident we have each influenced each other's thoughts through them (I think we would both like to think we have had a greater impact on the other, HAHA!). </p><p>In one of our conversations regarding the political climate, Keith said something to the effect of understanding the difference between allegiance to relationships vs. allegiance to ideas. Particularly from a Christian perspective, clearly we hold allegiance to our ideas, however, we don't jettison relationships over them. We are called to be in relationships with people who do not agree with our ideas. The plan is that perhaps through our winsome arguments, we can influence them.</p><p>However, in the context of disability, particularly intellectual disability, we see Keith's idea played out in their prophetic presence within the church and Christian community. Because of their intellectual disability, they may not have the bandwidth to engage in deep thinking about ideas. However, that causes them to be people who are relationship focused. Are you a democrat? I don't care. Are you a republican? I don't care. I just care about you. Our relationship is the most important thing.</p><p>As an older guy, I have friends who have lost contact with their children. Because of a relationship that has been broken in some way, they may not have spoken to a person for decades. I wonder if this might have been the issue there. Differences in thought about politics or religion or myriad other issues destroyed the relationship. I don't think as Christians and even just as people, we are called to that. This is what the cancel culture is about. The media teaches us, encourages us batters us with the idea that people with who whom we disagree are stupid or evil. </p><p>DON'T BUY THAT!</p><p>They really don't believe what they are selling and they <i>are</i> selling this. They get you to cancel relationships and then praise you for your intolerance. Both sides in the political debate get you worked up, almost addicted to their diatribe so you will be "hooked" on their position and keep coming back.</p><p>But back to individuals with disabilities, particularly those with intellectual disabilities. Their presence teaches us, in a prophetic way, to turn away from cancelling others because of their ideas and holding tight to your allegiance to relationships. It is a lesson we really need to learn from them today!</p><p>McNair</p>Jeff McNairhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10029386598033932429noreply@blogger.com13tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6825243.post-49168371931694155532020-08-03T16:38:00.000-07:002020-08-03T16:38:24.513-07:00Networks Supporting Adults with Disabilities in the Community<p class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="text-align: left;"><b><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Back in 1997, I wrote an article about networks supporting adults with disabilities in the community. A form of it was published in a journal but is no longer available. I had published this actual article on a website I had at the time in 1997 called "The center for the study of religion and disability." Later, I made it available on my website jeffmcnair.com</span></b></p><p class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="text-align: left;"><b><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">I am citing the article in some writing I am currently doing, so I thought I would make it available here in case people would want to see it. Even though it is old, I believe it is still relevant. Particularly as we think about the contribution of churches to community integration. </span></b></p><p class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="text-align: left;"><b><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">So take a look at this. You might minimally look at the evaluative criteria as a way of thinking about how churches could contribute to community integration.</span></b></p><p class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="text-align: left;"><b><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">McNair</span></b></p><p class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></b></p><p align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A Discussion of Networks Supporting<br />
Adults with Disabilities in the Community</span></b><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
<br />
© Jeff McNair, Ph.D.<br />
California Baptist University, Riverside, California, USA<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: center;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">jeffmcnair@gmail.com<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: center;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1997<br />
<br />
Running Head: NETWORKS<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: center;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Abstract<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Individuals with
disabilities are supported as adults by one or a combination of four networks.
These include a) the state-supported network, b) the contrived network, c) the
existing network, or d) the self-developed network. Each of these network types
is examined across a schema for network evaluation. Conclusions are drawn
relative to further research and the need for multiple solutions to the problem
of supporting adults with disabilities in the community.<br />
<br />
KEY WORDS<br />
Existing resources<br />
Natural support to individual with disabilities<br />
Network development<br />
Network evaluation<br />
Networks and individuals with disabilities<br />
<br />
<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" /></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A
Discussion of Networks Supporting Adults with Disabilities in the Community.<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: .25in;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Human
services for individuals with disabilities have embraced the notion of natural
supports. Natural supports are to be purveyed in all life settings. Originally
arising out of the work setting, natural support has found its way to other
areas of life. We hear of community based natural support, natural support
applied to the medical context, or to recreation and leisure pursuits. These
movements in themselves are perhaps "natural," but what is meant by
the term natural supports?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: .25in;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The
notion of natural may have some distant roots in the normalization principle
espoused by Wolfensberger (1972) in the United States. Basically, the idea is
to treat individuals with disabilities as normally as possible, affording them
an existence which is as normal as possible. To intervene with a light touch
and only when the existing resources of the community experienced by most
people are insufficient.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: .25in;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">What
natural support does not entail is the creation of something new. If the
something new is an outcropping of the larger society, then it might be
considered acceptable. However, if the new thing has been developed strictly
for individuals with disabilities, then chances are it is not natural.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: .25in;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A
term that is closely aligned with natural supports is "existing
resources." Like the chicken and the egg question, it is difficult to
determine which came first. Additionally, programs that were unheard of fifty
years ago, have now become fixtures in our social landscape. However, if we
continue to use the normalization principle as our plumb line for determining
whether something is natural or not, then we end up determining what is natural
by consensus. One's life experience, although a valid experience, may not be
"natural." For example, is the experience of living on welfare
natural? Is the provision of government support instead of work natural? For
the sub population of individuals on welfare, the answer is probably yes;
particularly if they are the product of generational welfare. However, to the
larger population who work, the notion of living entirely on government
benefits is foreign, i.e., not natural.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: .25in;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Networks
have been proposed as a means of maximizing natural supports. A network might
be described as a group of friends and acquaintances with whom a person has
relationships. By this definition, networks are natural, as they are
experienced by the majority of people. According to the normalization
principle, the development of networks would also be a normalizing process as
it treats people as normally as possible by encouraging the development of the
same social infrastructure around individuals with disabilities as persons
without disabilities.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: .25in;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The
old adage is that "it isn't what you know, its who you know." The
simple fact that this adage is ingrained in American culture, evokes gut level
support for the notion of networks. Hazasi, Gordon and Roe (1985) illustrated
the benefit of networks in assisting people with disabilities to gain and
maintain work. McNair (1991) called this interaction, "increasing the
employer's investment in the worker with disabilities in terms of a willingness
to provide support." Networks soften environments through the entree they
provide. According to the competence/deviance hypothesis (Gold, 1980), more
deviance is tolerated (social skill deficits, etc.), because of the competence
brought to the work situation from knowing someone. This is reminiscent of
stories about the worker who is incompetent and detested by all, but keeps his
job because he is the boss' son-in-law. The competence the individual brought
to the situation was related to who he knew. Relative to individuals with disabilities,
although they must bring basic work competence to the employment setting, by
approaching a job through a network, the minor social skill deficits which are
the major reason why individuals with mental retardation lose their jobs
(Greenspan and Shoutz, 1981), have a greater likelihood of being overlooked.
Indeed, by approaching a job through a network, twenty-five years of societal
change is accomplished in a specific microcosm. Fifty years of change occurs if
the disabled person is in fact married to the boss' son or daughter!<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: .25in;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Networks
may assume a variety of forms. This paper will discuss four. State supported
networks use paid agents of the state to supplement what is lacking in the
support system surrounding an individual with a disability. Contrived networks
attempt to mimic the natural, but their very newness may belie that they are
not natural. Existing networks are truly natural as they were preexisting.
Self-developed networks are perhaps the most natural of all.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: .25in;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The
following is a description and evaluation of the four types of networks listed
above. It is our goal to critically evaluate these support mechanisms. However,
we do not want to simply point out one type as good and another bad. It is only
through a combination of approaches that we will provide the most
"supportive support" to individuals with disabilities.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Criteria for
Evaluation</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: .25in;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">In
order to evaluate the usefulness of networks, we must first design criteria for
the evaluation. The following criteria have emerged through examination of the
literature and discussions with students and colleagues. Each evaluative aspect
is described below. We will then discuss the four types of networks and
evaluate them according to our criteria.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: .25in;"><b><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Durability/Stability</span></b><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-This criterion relates to the toughness
of the network. A durable network is probably preexisting, will be dependable
and largely predictable.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: .25in;"><b><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Extensiveness</span></b><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">- This criterion relates to issues of
integration.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: .25in;"><b><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Laterality</span></b><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">- A lateral network will foster
contacts with individuals similar to oneself in terms of variables such as
socioeconomic status, beliefs, ethnicity, educational expertise and vocation.
Vocationally, it corresponds to the notion of "job-alikes."<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: .25in;"><b><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Variability</span></b><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-A variable network will foster
contacts with individuals different from oneself in terms of ethnicity,
educational expertise, vocation, beliefs, and disability.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: .25in;"><b><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Verticality</span></b><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">- A vertical network will foster
contacts with individuals higher or lower than oneself in terms of variables
such as socioeconomic status, education and employment.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: .25in;"><b><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Number of Members</span></b><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-This variable addresses the number of
people who make up the network<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: .25in;"><b><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Community Position</span></b><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">- This criterion addresses the manner
in which the network is oriented toward the community. Networks may facilitate
interaction between the community and the individual. Networks might also usurp
community involvement by turning interfacing membership over to professionals.
Community positioned or oriented networks should result in community awareness.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: .25in;"><b><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Potency</span></b><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-This criterion assesses the ability of
the network to meet an individual's needs.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: .25in;"><b><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Physically</span></b><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">- Physical needs include food, clothing
and shelter. I<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: .25in;"><b><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Emotionally</span></b><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">- Emotional needs include acceptance
and emotional support.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: .25in;"><b><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Spiritually</span></b><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">- Spiritual needs include framing ones
reason for being, ones relationship to a "higher power," ones basic
belief system, etc.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: .25in;"><b><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Naturality</span></b><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">- This criterion addresses the degree
of naturalness of the network.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: .25in;"><b><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Existing</span></b><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">- An existing resource has a greater
likelihood of being natural than a newly created one. Our earlier definition
indicates that a new resource will probably not be experienced by the majority
of people. It is therefore less likely to be natural. Distinction must be made,
however, between a duplication or variation of a current pattern of support and
the creation of a new pattern of support.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: .25in;"><b><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Normalizing</span></b><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-Using the normalization principle, a
network with this characteristic facilitates treatment individuals with
disabilities as normally as possible.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: .25in;"><b><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Natural</span></b><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-This variable goes back to the notion
of the experience of the majority of individuals in a particular society. The
experience of the majority across socioeconomic, ethnic and other boundaries
would be considered natural.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: .25in;"><b><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Promotes Independence</span></b><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-This variable addresses whether the
network encourages an individual to be independent.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: .25in;"><b><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Provides Dignity</span></b><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-The idea behind this variable is
dignity versus charity. If involvement in the network is something the
individual is proud of, it most likely provides dignity.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: .25in;"><b><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Potential for a Network Member to
Contribute to the Network</span></b><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-
Involvement in a network implies a mutual benefit to the individual and the
network. If a network member is unable to contribute to the network, questions
might be raised relative to that individual's standing within the network. What
is considered a "contribution" is determined by the network. If a
network is comprised solely of supporters and takers its naturality might be
called into question.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: .25in;"><b><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Cost</span></b><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-Networks
can be evaluated strictly on the basis of cost. Financial and otherwise.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: .25in;"><b><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Financial</span></b><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-This variable addresses the financial
cost of a network.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: .25in;"><b><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Other-</span></b><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">This variable addresses other costs
which might be associated with membership in the network (time, emotional
support, submission to a doctrine, etc.)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: .25in;"><b><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Associated Bureaucracy</span></b><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-Some networks have significant
bureaucracy associated with involvement in the network.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: .25in;"><b><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Eligibility Criteria</span></b><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-Often, networks have specific written
criteria which a potential network member must meet prior to being admitted.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: .25in;"><b><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Waiting Period</span></b><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-With some networks, in order to avail
oneself of the benefits, there is a waiting period.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: .25in;"><b><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Criteria for Ongoing Participation</span></b><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-Once admitted, the network may require
a particular status for continuance as a member.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: .25in;"><b><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Reduplication</span></b><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-This criterion asks whether the type
of support being provided is being provided somewhere else in a manner which
would satisfy more of the overall evaluative criteria?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: .25in;"><b><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sensitivity to the Individual Case</span></b><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-Networks can become extensive.
Services provided via a "network" can also be provided by some
representative of the network. The resulting case load will cause<br />
differing levels of sensitivity to each individual needing network support.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: .25in;"><b><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Caring Distance</span></b><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-The diminishing of
concern/responsibility/effort (and possibly knowledge in the case of
interpersonal caring distance) by people or groups as physical, interpersonal
or administrative distance increases between these people or groups and the
specific person, group, intervention or program of interest.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: .25in;"><b><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Network Philosophy</span></b><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">- Networks will hold a common
philosophy or code however loosely defined.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: .25in;"><b><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Participation Rules</span></b><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">- Related to the eligibility criteria
above, some networks will require potential members to acquiesce to a
particular code or philosophy prior to offering network membership.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: .25in;"><b><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Recruitment</span></b><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">- A network's philosophy might include
a position on expansion or exclusion due to a variety of constraints
(financial, bias, etc.)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: .25in;"><b><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Connectivity</span></b><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">- The network may or may not encourage
connectivity among members of the network.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: .25in;"><b><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Accessibility</span></b><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-An accessible network is one which is
available to each individual member. Someone may have an extensive network,
however, geographically it is not accessible, so the benefits which might be
gained are minimized.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: .25in;"><b><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Transportability</span></b><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-This criterion looks at whether a
network will travel with the individual member. Related to accessibility, if a
network is not transportable, the benefits of the network are lost if one
relocates.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The Four
Types of Networks and their Variations</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: .25in;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">We
begin by discussing the four types of networks currently in use to support
individuals with disabilities in the community. Additionally, we will consider
variations of the network types. Networks will then be evaluated using the
criteria described above. For each of the criteria, networks will be given a;
"+" for a positive rating, "-" for a negative rating and
"+/-" for a mixed rating. These ratings are solely the opinion of the
author shaped through professional development activities, including the
presentation of this information to many groups over several years.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: .25in;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Let
us assume an individual already has a small network (see Figure 1). This<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: .25in;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: center; text-indent: .25in;"><img alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,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" 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<p align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: center; text-indent: .25in;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
<i>Figure 1.</i> The basic network for any given individual.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: center; text-indent: .25in;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">network is comprised
of the individual with a disability, perhaps a parent, sibling, or other family
member, and one other member (friend, co-worker, etc.). This will be the basic
network from which we will depart for each of the models to be described. The
assumption is, that this network is not completely meeting the individual with
disability's needs. It must therefore be supplemented. Supplementation will
take one of the following forms.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: center; text-indent: .25in;"><img alt="" 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" /><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
<i>Figure 2.</i> The state-supported network.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: .25in;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: .25in;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The
State-Supported Network</span></b><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.
State agencies exist to meet specific needs of the population (see Figure 2).
For example, should individuals with disabilities have difficulty finding or
maintaining work, the Department of Rehabilitation can provide assistance in
finding work. Should an individual lack the potential to do any work, the
Social Security Administration provides financial assistance. Should an
individual be unable to live independently, in California, the Department of
Developmental Disabilities through the Regional Centers, provides assistance in
finding supported living arrangements. In each of these cases, individuals with
disabilities did not have the resources within their "network" to
meet their need. The network of which they are a part lacks the resources to meet
their needs. In response, the government "safety net" catches the
individual and provides a menu of services. In effect, the government in a
circumscribed manner supplements or becomes a part of the network.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: .25in;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hopefully,
services are provided only as long as needed, and are terminated when the
client achieves the desired goal (a job, a place to live, etc.). It is
recognized that some individuals by definition will always need governmental
support services (Will, 1984). For these individuals, services must therefore be
provided for life.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: .25in;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: center; text-indent: .25in;"><img alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,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" /></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
<i>Figure 3.</i> Levels of intervention analysis (Rappaport, 1977).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: .25in;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Rappaport
(1977) described what he called the "levels of intervention
analysis." Figure 3 illustrates the levels as a series of concentric
squares. The center most square represents the individual, who is within the
small group, that is within the organization, which is within society.
Interventions or for the purposes of our discussion, support, might be provided
to each of the levels to ultimately support the individual. Using special
education terminology, it is intuitively obvious, that the further you move
from the individual at the center of the squares, the less intrusive to the
individual is your intervention. Your intervention relies more on the
environment to fulfill support objectives than would be the case if the
interventionist worked directly with the individual.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: .25in;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">In
the United States, state supported networks most often focus on the individual.
Individuals are assessed, and services are focused specifically at individual
needs. The state agencies themselves, for as long as services are provided,
become members of the network. There will often be contact with other network
members such as family or friends, but from the state's perspective, support
from or positive relationships between the individual with disabilities and
others is "icing on the cake." They are not required, and arguably
the state can provide its services as well in their absence. In some cases, the
family and other non-governmental groups get in the way. The involvement of
others in the community may therefore impair rather than assist in supporting
the individual.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: .25in;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">McKnight
(1989) described four structurally negative characteristics of human services.
These characteristics are, 1) seeing individuals in terms of their needs, 2)
the effect on public budgets, 3) the effect on community and associational
life, and 4) in aggregate, agencies can create environments that frustrate the
potential positive effect of any single program.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: .25in;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Agencies
are largely designed to support individuals. They are not geared to support
families or the community. However, the focus on the individual is not the
approach taken by all societies using a state supported approach.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: .25in;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">In
Mexico, there is a state agency called Desarrollo Integral De La Familia (DIF).
This agency provides services of its own, while also coordinating other state
provided services. In the life of a person with a disability, DIF might
coordinate his/her social security benefits, medical benefits, work programs,
etc. However, the focus of this agency is different from those in the United
States. DIF works through the family rather than the individual. Using
Rappaport's (1977) schema, the analogous focus is the small group rather than
the individual. When a need is recognized, DIF will first study the family to
assess what the family needs, to better support its member with disabilities.
Assuming family contacts are made and the analysis is completed, the agency
then encourages, cajoles, etc., the family to support the member with
disabilities. It is only if the family disowns or refuses to support the
individual, that the state agency will do what it can to help. Interestingly,
however, services are poorly provided to the individual, as they are designed
with the family as the focus. The agency by design relies on the small group.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: .25in;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">It
is not difficult to imagine some of the positive and negative features of this
family oriented model. Positively, there is increased reliance on the resources
of the small group, in this case the family. There are benefits in supporting
the network most often closest to the target individual. The reliance on family
resources also causes the program to be less costly to the state compared with
programs having an individual focus. This approach also may assist families in
getting in touch with their responsibilities to relatives they might otherwise
ignore. However, these same features of the approach can be considered negative
as well. There is a certain reliance upon family guilt as the motivation for
assisting the member with disabilities. If this approach does not work, then
the state is back to serving the individual. If the state quickly comes to the
aid of the individual in the absence of family involvement, the responsibility
or guilt motivation is lost. Therefore, whether by design, or due to a lack of
resources, these state programs must be brutally consistent in having few
services available to individuals. Such appears to be the case in Mexico. The
approach is so small group oriented, the state almost doesn't know what to do
with the individual. In the United States where the economy allows the
government to be more generous to individuals, services are provided. In a
struggling economy such as Mexico's currently, the state safety net is weak or
nonexistent.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: .25in;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Interestingly,
although not obvious, people with disabilities do rely on community support
(the organization or societal level). It is understood, that many persons with
disabilities will beg for money or food. In the larger cities, people beg at
nearly every controlled intersection. Rumors persist among the nationals that
these individuals are able to live at a sustenance or significantly better
level through begging activities. Not only does the state permit these
activities, this situation is accepted as a part of the culture, to the point
that nationals feel they should support beggars through their contributions. It
is also known that the beggars will form networks of their own, determining who
will be permitted to work which areas. The question of whether this is truly
natural support or not is an interesting one.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: .25in;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">With
these snapshots of the "State Supported Network" in mind, let us now
evaluate this network type according to the evaluative criteria described
above.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: .25in;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Analysis of
the State Supported Network</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> .</span></b><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> State supported networks are very
durable. They are of course dependent upon funding, and may be increased or cut
back on this basis. Overall, however, these networks are durable.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: .25in;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The
extensiveness of the networks are considered to be lacking. Laws like the
Americans with Disabilities Act may promote physical integration, however, they
are limited relative to aspects of social ecology (Chadsey-Rusch, 1990,
Gaylord-Ross, 1988). Although governmental programs desire the development of
friendships and other social interactions, they are not evaluated upon this
basis. With case loads increasing and funding being constrained, programs
resort to basic services. As a result, although social relationships are a
desired quantity, programs are forced to focus more upon minimal standards,
which consider social relationships with caseworker as desirable, but a luxury.
Additionally, social relationships for many agencies are not even addressed.
For example, the Social Security Administration is not in the business of
developing social relationships between the general population and their
clients with disabilities. Even agencies like the Department of Developmental
Disabilities who endeavor to foster social relationships have limited ability
to address areas of variability and verticality.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: .25in;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Relative
to the number of members who make up the network, one might ask whether agency
case workers can truly be considered network members? They provide assistance
which is lacking in the life of the individual with disabilities, however, they
lack many of the qualities which would qualify them as network members.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: .25in;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ideally,
the community position of state supported networks would be one of facilitating
community involvement. Perhaps in some cases this occurs. Most often, it is
suspected that services are predominantly geared toward serving the individual.
Agencies will attempt to make the community aware, but this awareness is
focused upon the identification of people with disabilities so that the
agencies can serve them. Illich, Zola, McKnight, Caplan, & Shaiken (1977)
imply that agencies need to identify "consumers" to justify their own
existence. At present, there appears to be little effort on the part of
agencies to assist communities to provide services which the agency itself
provides, even though services currently being provided by agencies might be
better provided by the community. A positive rating would imply that agencies
are attempting to facilitate this interaction between the community and
individuals with disabilities.<br />
<br />
State supported networks receive a mixed rating for their potency in meeting needs.
The most basic physical needs (money, food, medical care, and living
arrangements) are largely met through governmental programs. There are indeed
segments of the population who are difficult to serve, or who "fall
through the cracks," but governmental programs have the greatest potential
for success in meeting physical needs.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: .25in;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Emotional
needs are met by people. Therefore the potential for meeting emotional needs is
dependent upon individual case workers at each agency. McKnight (1987) makes
the distinction between care and services, arguing, most often care is what is
needed and services are what is provided. Increasingly, however, although case
workers might desire to address the emotional needs of their clients, budget
constraints leading to increased caseloads again cause these support services
to become luxury items. They are also not required of caseworkers, and so are
often not provided.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: .25in;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Spiritual
needs if met at all by the state, are met in the most tangential fashion. The
strident voices advocating the separation of church and state might argue that
this area should not even be broached from a state perspective. Perhaps they
are right. The point is, that Americans by their behavior, have indicated that
they have spiritual interests (Bezilla, 1993). State agencies are not
positioned to meet these needs, therefore their potency for overall "need
meeting" is diminished.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: .25in;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The
naturality of state supported networks would also receive a mixed rating. It is
true that they are existing and endeavor to promote independence. Additionally,
they desire to provide dignity, assisting people to be as normal as possible.
However, using the criteria described earlier, these agencies may not represent
natural support because the support they provide is not experienced by the
majority of the population.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: .25in;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Then,
if an individual is truly a member of a network, they should be able to
contribute something to the network. O'Donnell, Tharp, & Wilson (1993)
refer to this phenomenon as reciprocal participation. There is little doubt
that those who work with individuals with disabilities gain a great deal. But
from the agency's perspective, they often gain the most when the individual is
no longer receiving services. For example, rehabilitation has been achieved
when the counselor can report a case 26 closure; 60 days of unsubsidized
employment. In other words, the case is closed when the individual is working
without significant involvement from the agency. The goal of agencies is to
promote independence such that the agency service is no longer needed. It is
true that people do participate in a variety of networks for a short term to
achieve a goal (schooling, the military, etc.). However, the goal of most
networks is not to work for the loss of the member, no matter how positive the
reason for leaving. To have this outcome as a focus for a support network is
unnatural.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: .25in;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">State
supported networks are perhaps the most costly, financially. For example,
through the Department of Rehabilitation, the state may pay twenty-five dollars
per hour to an employment vendor for job coaching services. State supported
networks are therefore expensive to the society that supports them. There
aren't significant costs otherwise. The client must participate in the programs
and employers, apartment owners, etc., must cooperate with the agencies as the
law demands, yet these costs are comparatively small.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: .25in;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">State
supported agencies received a mixed rating relative to bureaucracy. Eligibility
criteria may be confusing. There may also be waiting periods and criteria for
ongoing participation. This has been heightened recently with the
implementation of the Department of Rehabilitation's "order of
selection." However, once admitted, and in spite of Social Security's
income reporting requirements, the criteria for ongoing participation are
minimal.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: .25in;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The
problem with reduplication of support from the perspective of this article,
occurs when the state reduplicates services already being provided naturally by
the community. The rating given here is mixed because there is much
reduplication both with the community and between agencies. At the same time,
however, there are services that are solely being provided by an agency, and in
the agency's absence, these services would be sorely missed.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: .25in;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">McNair
(1996) examined the sensitivity of agencies to the individual case. Coining the
term "caring distance" (see above) he went on to discuss client to
case worker ratios as a critical factor in service provision. Motivated by
their desire to provide the highest quality service, teachers complain about
increasing class sizes and case workers complain about larger case loads.
Decreased funding often results in a dilution of sensitivity to the individual
case. One of the beauties of the Mexican model, is that by focusing on the
family, the group with the smallest caring distance to the individual with
disabilities is empowered. If working, the model catalyzes the provision of
support by the group having the greatest interest in and the smallest caring
distance from, the individual case if only on the basis of numbers. Caring
distance therefore, would receive a mixed rating.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: .25in;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The
network philosophy for state agencies also was given a mixed rating.
Conflicting network philosophies will frustrate the individuals the agencies
are attempting to serve. Additionally, some people will refuse to participate
because of the rules of a particular agency. Recruitment is dependent upon
resources, but people are admitted to an agency, not recruited to a network.
Apart from occasional support groups there is also little connectivity.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: .25in;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">In
spite of the potential bureaucracy, state agencies are imminently accessible.
Their offices are located in most major urban areas, and the public is invited.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: .25in;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Finally,
state supported networks are highly transportable, because they are largely
national in scope. True, one might have to leave a particularly good case
worker, but in the new location a new case worker is assigned and services
continue.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: .25in;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Looking
at the author's ratings overall, state supported network strengths are in the
areas of durability, accessibility, and transportability. Areas of weakness
include extensiveness, community position, financial cost and bureaucracy. Other
areas received mixed ratings.<br />
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">The
Contrived Network</span></b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In the
preceding discussion it was noted that the state supported network supplements
the networks of people who are unable, for whatever reason, to develop their
own network. Although state support is important as a safety net, when it
becomes the predominant means of supporting individuals with disabilities,
problems arise. With this criticism in mind, we now turn to the contrived
network.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: .25in;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Webster's
dictionary (Benton, 1966) has described "contrived" as, "to
fabricate as a work of ingenuity." Contrived networks are literally formed
around individuals with disabilities. Helping professionals go through a
process whereby they seek out individuals willing to support a particular
person. The end product has been labeled the "circle of support" or
"circle of friends" and has become popular across the nation (see
Figure 4).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: .25in;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ducharme,
Beeman, DeMarasse and Ludlum (1994) describe a six step process for developing
a support circle. The first step is to focus on giftedness or capacity of all
individuals in the circle of support. Second, those wanting to develop a circle
develop their personal dream for the future as they desire it to be. This dream
includes relationships (particularly with people other than service providers),
places and activities (how would one like to spend his or her time),
preferences (aspects of life found enjoyable or upsetting), the vision for the
future (including friends, work, community involvement, etc.), opportunities,
and challenges or fears.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: .25in;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: center; text-indent: .25in;"><img alt="" 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" /></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: center; text-indent: .25in;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
<i>Figure 4.</i> The contrived network.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: .25in;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: .25in;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">In
step three, the actual circle of support is formed. Involvement is based on
friendship or philanthropy. Few members if any are paid for their involvement in
the circle, as the motivation for involvement is interest in the family or the
individual needing support.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: .25in;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Step
four revolves around making connections with the community according to the
target individual's/family's desires. The authors state that, "Circle
members and others who are interested act as guides into the community"
(p. 349).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: .25in;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">This
process overall is referred to as "One Candle Power." Step five then
is a reminder that to start small, as "one candle" is fine. The
excuse of not having professional qualifications is an unacceptable reason for
doing nothing. The authors state that "every person's candle is
important" (349).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: .25in;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">By
the final step, step six, circle members will have had significant opportunity
to understand the experience of disabled individuals in our society, under our
governmental and other systems. Whenever these systems represent barriers to
the fulfillment of the target member's dreams (which have now become the
group's dreams) the circle works toward changing the impeding systems.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: .25in;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">This
general approach has largely been popularized by Pearpoint (1991) and Forest
(Forest and Pearpoint, 1992) among others (Perske, 1988). Pearpoint's story
about the painful yet generally successful support of Judith Snow was the focus
of his 1991 book, <i>From Behind the Piano</i>.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: .25in;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Referring
again to Rappaport's (1977) intervention schema the contrived network is a
hybrid of the individual and small group levels of intervention. The goal
ultimately appears to be intervention at the small group level as state support
for the contrived network is faded over time. This approach is therefore more
natural as it is a half-step removed from a strictly individual approach.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: .25in;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Analysis of
the Contrived Network</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.</span></b><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
Contrived networks are probably tenuous at best. When philanthropy is the
motivation of those enlisted to form the network, they become even more
tenuous. The durability and stability of the network suspect.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: .25in;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Network
extensiveness is dependent upon the success of the "facilitator" in
bringing people together. There is probably less potential for laterality or
verticality and the network will most often not represent a cross section of
society. Variability will also be limited to the degrees of freedom the
facilitator builds into the network, as well as by the number of members.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: .25in;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Community
position has potential, if circle members seek out liaison opportunities to
facilitate linking with the larger community. It is arguable though, that the
circle of support may be usurping natural community involvement because of the
professional input required in establishing the circle.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: .25in;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The
contrived network might also receive mixed ratings for potency. Few small
groups as represented by a circle would have the potential to meet physical
needs in a manner comparable to the state. Emotional needs can be met
adequately should the network have a degree of stability among members.
Otherwise the constant movement of people in and out could prove more of a
discouragement. Because the state currently acts as the "facilitator"
either directly or via one of its agents, there is a squeamishness about
developing spiritual support. Spiritual support may be provided through
references to a watered down "state religion" (Carter, 1993), but
beyond that spiritual support will depend upon what the circle members happen
to bring to the group.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: .25in;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The
naturality of the network will also be mixed. Circles are not pre-existing, so
by our definition they lack a degree of naturality. Circles are potentially
very normalizing in that they bring a target individual into contact with other
people from the community. At the same time they are not normalizing because
the majority of the general population does not rely on a network created by an
agent of the state to meet their needs. Circles do promote independence as a
major reason for being. When possible they also endeavor to provide dignity,
yet their very existence in some ways stigmatizes.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: .25in;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The
question of contributions to the network from the individual with disability is
a loaded one. It is obvious that in human interactions people contribute to
each other. People with disability in particular have a unique perspective on
life which others without disability would do well to understand. However, in
realistic terms, circles are established because the individual with disability
needs shoring up. His or her position at present is not necessarily one of
reaching out in support to others, and may never be. Often then, the
contribution to the network will be very different from that received from the
network. A creative circle will look for opportunities for the target disabled
person to contribute to the network for both the benefit of the network and the
disabled individual.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: .25in;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Costs
would receive a mixed rating. Financial costs similar to the state supported
network would be incurred. Professionals working to support persons with
disabilities initially are used as group facilitators. Should the circle become
established, group facilitation is turned over to the circle itself. As more
natural support develops, costs of the program will begin to diminish. However,
a "high maintenance" group would continue to accrue financial costs.
Other costs would be minimal. The target individual would ultimately have to
submit to plans that the group developed for his or her future, but he or she
would have been involved in the development of the options anyway. This
therefore could prove a minor concession. A difficulty might come in helping
the target individual keep to the plan, as he might try to vary from it. For
example, assisting an individual with developmental disabilities to hold to a
budget can be very difficult.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: .25in;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">As
with any governmental agency, there is associated bureaucracy. One must first
become linked with the agency serving individual with disabilities who would
then link with the community based support vendor. The vendor would then go
through the process of developing the support plan which would include, in this
case, the development of the support circle. With each of these steps in the
process there are eligibility criteria, waiting periods and criteria for
ongoing participation.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: .25in;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Reduplication
of services should be one of the first questions asked before taking the step
toward developing a circle. If someone already has a support network, the
creation of another is superfluous. However, if there truly are no other
options, no other existing networks with which affiliation can be fostered,
then the circle is the best option. If there are other existing options that
are more natural, they should be pursued first.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: .25in;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The
contrived network is dedicated to the individual case. Virtually all decisions
are guided by what is best for the target individual. Caring distance is good
as well.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: .25in;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Network
philosophy is also highly rated. The ideas of recruitment and connectivity are
high priority. Additionally, participation rules are minimal.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: .25in;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Relative
to accessibility, once one has gained access to the agency providing contrived
network services, and services are begun, there is excellent accessibility.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: .25in;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Transportability
is minimal. An individual might move only a few blocks from his or her home
(see below), and a breakdown will occur. Movement of greater distances severely
limits significant participation by circle members.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: .25in;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The
contrived network therefore, is strong in areas of sensitivity to the
individual case, network philosophy and promoting independence. Areas of weakness
include durability and stability, extensiveness and transportability.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: .25in;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">In
conversations with individuals who have attempted to develop circles of
support, the results have been mixed. Often, a circle will be successful only
for a short while. Perhaps a true life example would be illustrative. A man
with epilepsy and mental retardation needed a circle of support. The experience
was that many people moved in and out of the group. Most, it seemed, feared the
seizures when they occurred, and would leave the group in reaction to the
seizures. One particular circle member was a nurse who lived in the same
apartment complex as the individual with disabilities. Throughout the changes
in circle members, she remained a conscientious supporter, often checking in on
him and assisting with his medication (which he refused to take). This
semi-successful support system went on for several months, until the individual
with disability insisted on moving to a different apartment complex. The new
apartment was within the same town, but several blocks away. While the nurse
lived in the same apartment complex as the man with disability, she was able to
participate in the circle. However, after the move the nurse could no longer
provide the support she was able to provide in the past.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: .25in;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">This
brief example should not be construed to mean that there is no place in human
services for circles of support. This is only one example that points up
several of the difficulties of circles; the traffic in and out of them and
their fragility over time. The circle of friends may at times be the best
approach. However, when other network types provide more natural, consistent
and long range support, then they should be the first choice.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: center; text-indent: .25in;"><img alt="" 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" /><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
<i>Figure 5.</i> The existing network.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: center; text-indent: .25in;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: .25in;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The Existing
Network</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.</span></b><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Within all societies, there are groups of
people who congregate around a common interest. The groups may discuss topics
important to the group, or participate in the same sport or recreational
activity. There are political groups and project oriented groups who attempt to
impact the community. There are also support groups, which meet to help group
members work through a traumatic life event or bad choices resulting in some
form of addiction. There are also religious groups who meet around a common
faith. Each of these groups is common to our society, and therefore might be
considered natural. Depending upon the group, they may be preexisting to a
greater or lessor extent.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: .25in;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Let
us assume, that these groups are preexisting networks which exist for some
purpose. A benefit of group participation, is that the group offers the
potential for supporting its members through the resources the network commands
(McKnight & Kretzman, 1984). Keeping the goal of supporting adults with
disabilities in the community in mind, each group could be considered as a
potential network for the target individual. Should one of these preexisting
support networks be identified from among the many groups as one that provides
the types of support that a target individual with disabilities needs, then
potentially contacts could be made, and the person with disability could join
the identified group. With monitoring, it might be observed that support is
being provided in areas typically addressed by the state.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: .25in;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Each
of the group types listed above, offer the potential for support in different
areas. Of the groups mentioned, however, the one which stands apart from the
rest is the local church. We will use the generic term, "church" to
include groups of diverse faith, although a group might use a different term
for their meeting place. Let us briefly consider the local church.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: .25in;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Churches
are a grouping of people with a common faith. The church exists to support its
members and demonstrate its faith through acts of worship to the deity of the
church, and supportive acts to church members and others in the community.
Churches may also be homogeneous across variables other than their faith. For
example, a particular ethnic group may predominate in one church. Churches are
also very heterogeneous in other areas. People of faith come from diverse
backgrounds. Variability is evident in ethnicity, socioeconomic status, job
types, living arrangements, lifestyle, recreation, etc. For example in the area
of job types, one may walk into a church and greet a wide range of people.
Perhaps Josh is a doctor, Bill is a mechanic, Fred is a teacher, Joanne is out
of work, and Amy is a secretary. One might not know the vocational status of
other members, because that is not the defining variable for coming together.
The defining variable is the common faith. If the group were to find out that
Joanne is out of work, the network would endeavor to support her until she was
able to find work. She receives these benefits only because she is a member of
the network, and her needs came to the network's attention.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: .25in;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Local
churches offer a wide variety of options. The Donnelly telephone directory for
the Inland Empire region of Southern California, lists 83 headings for
different types of churches. Obviously not all areas experience this diversity,
however, there is significant variety. Some churches are very dogmatic and
fundamental and people choose to attend these churches. Others are very open
with a theology that is very difficult to nail down and people also choose these
churches. For the purposes of this discussion, the type of faith is not at
issue. Rather it is the benefits of being a part of a community of faith, which
is being addressed.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: .25in;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">It
might be construed that the author is attempting to force people into some type
of mold. Questions might be raised about the separation of church and state. We
have been careful in this discussion not to advocate for a particular church.
We are advocating for the local church as a network, but decisions about church
or not, and the faiths of the church, are totally up to the individual with the
disability and his family. From the perspective of the human service worker,
the question is simply asked; "Do you have a religious interest?" If
the respondent should answer "Yes," the worker asks what the faith
might be. If the person is not currently attending a church of the faith
identified by the individual and/or family, one of that same faith, which
provides support to individuals with developmental disabilities might be
suggested. If the family are regular attendees of a church, the case worker
would ask if the church might be contacted to discuss how it might best support
the individual with disability.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: .25in;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Should
the family indicate that they have no religious interest, then other avenues
would be explored, such as sport and recreation groups, contrived networks,
etc.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: .25in;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The
reason this approach might begin with the local church is that religion is a
pervasive factor in American life. The Princeton Religion Research Center
(1993) has observed that in some ways, American religious life has remained
unchanged for the last 55 years. In response to the question, "Did you,
yourself, happen to attend church or synagogue in the last seven days?"
approximately 42 percent of respondents indicated yes. With limited
variability, this figure has remained constant since 1939. Relative to families
of individuals with disabilities, at least one study (McNair & Rusch, 1991)
found that 94 percent of parents indicated a "religious affiliation"
and 61 percent considered themselves "regular attendees." McNair
& Swartz (in press) found 82% of churches had individuals with
developmental disabilities in their congregations. McNair & Smith (in
preparation) will report that 52% of individuals with developmental disabilities
surveyed, stated that they attended church in the last seven days. Yet, this
common characteristic of our society has been virtually ignored. Sarason (1977)
has written, "It is as if the constitutional separation of church and
state had in its own ways been taken seriously by social science" (132).
Obviously the local church as an existing network is not the sole solution. To
suggest such would be naive and short sighted as some people have no interest
in anything religious. However, church networks clearly offer the potential to
participate in the solution.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: .25in;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Rappaport
(1977) would probably consider this approach as intervention at the small group
or organizational level. The goal of this approach is to link the individual
with a small group associated with a larger organization, a local church. If
this small group or organization were able to meet all the needs of the
individual with disabilities, it would be the least intrusive setting by far,
as well as the most normalizing, approach. However, there are areas in which
the existing network will excel, and other areas where it will not function as
effectively as state supported or contrived networks. Considering this
overview, let us now evaluate the existing network, particularly as it is
embodied in the local church.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: .25in;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Analysis of
the Existing Network</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.</span></b><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
The durability of existing networks will depend upon the type of existing
network. With the local church as our focus, we find the network very durable.
Generally, the network was in existence before the individual with disability
arrived on the scene, and largely will continue to exist once the same disabled
individual is gone. The network does not exist solely to support the
individual, it exists for the group as well.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: .25in;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">One
of the strongest aspects of this network type is its extensiveness. Without
question, the local church offers the <i>potential</i> for the
greatest degree of integration of persons with disabilities. Because the
rallying point is the common faith, the church represents significant
diversity. Opportunities for laterality are generally available. Opportunities
for variability of religious belief are obviously limited, however, across
other domains the church is quite variable. Perhaps the greatest potential for
unique integration is verticality. Where else would individuals with mental
retardation, for example, have the opportunity to socially interact with others
of different socioeconomic status, education, etc. in a non clinical setting?
In addition, the expectation of the church network is that people will socially
interact independent of variables that would typically separate them in the
community. The setting is therefore engineered for vertical integration.
Finally, although the sizes of churches vary, the existing network is also
strong in the numbers of members. There are not only the members of the network
themselves, but there is also the potential of interacting with other networks
represented by the individuals in the church network. For example, a teacher
who attends a church might also be a part of the local teacher's union. Through
contact with the teacher at church, one also becomes connected with the teacher
union.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: .25in;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The
community position of most churches is good. The church desires to make a
positive impact on the community. This is partly to fulfill the commission of
their faith, and partly in an attempt to recruit members. Churches who are
involved in a program of supporting adults with disabilities, for example, will
not keep that fact hidden. Contrarily, they will attempt to have a community
presence in order to serve their chosen population and improve how the
community interacts with that population. This is not only achieved through
community outreach, but through activities within their own church, as the
congregation itself represents the community.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: .25in;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The
potency of the church to meet needs is also impressive. Most churches will
attempt to meet physical needs, by routinely providing food to people who come
to them for assistance. They will also do the best they can to meet other
needs. They are limited in their ability to meet needs such as housing and
work, although some do make this area a priority. McNair & Swartz (in
press) identified fifteen areas in which churches might support individuals
with developmental disabilities. Support areas ranged from providing food to
transportation, to help finding work. Their survey indicated that churches as a
group provided support in all the areas.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: .25in;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Churches
also work to meet emotional needs. Overall, it is a network where people can
feel connected. They can feel they are accepted and cared for. The extent to
which a church does not meet emotional needs is an indication that the church
is failing in its mission.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: .25in;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">More
than any other group, the church offers the potential of meeting spiritual
needs. People choose a religious faith on the basis of their perceived
spiritual needs. The state is clearly not in this business.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: .25in;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Churches
are existing and natural. Virtually every community within the United States
has a local church of some kind. The ubiquitous nature of churches, coupled
with the experience of a large percentage of Americans leads to this
conclusion.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: .25in;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">As
a network churches are normalizing, in comparison to the other network types.
The support provided is provided to all who attend. The attendee with a
disability is therefore simply just another member needing support. McNair
& Smith (in preparation) again observed that individuals received support
merely because they "arrived at the doorstep." Churches at the same
time attempt to foster independence and dignity. This is partially evidenced in
the opportunities for service the church provides. McNair & Swartz (in
press) found that over 50 percent of respondents indicated that they provide
opportunities for individuals with developmental disabilities to be involved in
service to the church.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: .25in;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The
cost for involvement is minimal from a financial perspective. The church is
often criticized for its pleas for money, and these do indeed occur,
particularly from television evangelists. However, the money taken up by local
churches is probably not considered a compulsion by most of those who choose to
attend. This cost still might be considered a negative by some. Others would
point to the cost of submission to a doctrine, or a set of rules. Once again,
the member makes the choice to submit himself to the rules. If the rules or
doctrines are too prohibitive or not sufficiently prohibitive, she chooses a
different church.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: .25in;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">There
is really little if any bureaucracy associated with being involved in a local
church. Should one decide to become a member of a local group, she must submit
to the procedures for membership, but these occur largely once in the
experience with a particular church.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: .25in;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">If
there is reduplication of services, the reduplication is being done by the
unnatural networks. The natural network will only do what is natural for it to
do.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: .25in;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Churches
specialize in sensitivity to the individual case. Someone might respond that he
had a bad experience with a church. It is not denied that this happens, and
when it does happen, it is unfortunate. However, churches rely on their
membership for ongoing existence. They must therefore be sensitive to
individuals if only to stay alive. At the same time, the mission of most
churches is not self-preservation. Their mission usually involves developing
relationships. Additionally, there are no caseloads which would diminish the
caring distance.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: .25in;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">As
with the cost, some might consider submission to the philosophy of any church,
negative. Participant rules might be cumbersome and recruitment efforts might
seem undermining of other positions. People "get religion" like a
disease and are never the same. Because these are sometimes the perceptions,
mixed ratings were given. However, the connectivity of the church network is
strong. Members at times have an "us against the world" mentality,
resulting in a coming together. Other networks have no such connectivity ethic.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: .25in;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Churches
are generally accessible. As congregations are a subset of society, they
represent many of the same biases and prejudices of society. Within church
settings, however, there is the expectation of acceptance among members. Peer
pressure comes into play in a positive sense in this regard.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: .25in;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The
last issue is the transportability of the network. Should someone move from
Illinois to California, will the local church network go with her? Obviously it
will not travel with her. However, by aligning oneself with a particular faith,
one looks for the representative of that faith in the new location and plugs in
again. There is thus a form of ongoing connectivity, although not with the same
specific group of people. For these reasons, this variable was given a mixed
rating.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: .25in;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">In
summary then, the author rated the local church positively in all areas except
potency, cost, network philosophy and transportability. These were given mixed
ratings. Overall, this network form was rated higher than both the state
supported and the contrived networks.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: .25in;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: center; text-indent: .25in;"><img alt="" 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" /></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: center; text-indent: .25in;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
<i>Figure 6.</i> The self-developed network.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: .25in;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The
Self-Developed Network</span></b><i><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.
</span></i><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Most people do not rely exclusively on
state support. Most people also do not have a state agency contrive a network
around them. What people do is develop the best network they can around
themselves. In reality, people do not sit down and say, "I am going to
develop a network around myself." Rather, they go to places where they can
meet people, seek out friendships and participate in groups with others having
a common interest. Over time, a network of people forms on whom an individual
can rely. This network will be comprised of individuals and existing groups
with whom a person chooses to affiliate. Perhaps at times in their lives,
individuals will use government services, but most often not on a protracted
basis (unless for disability, unemployment, or social security at retirement).
A network that an individual develops around himself might be labeled the
self-developed network (see Figure 6).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: .25in;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Most
often, if an individual lacks such a network he or she is considered deprived.
The quality of his or her life is also called into question, because of a lack
of friends or social opportunities. Today we jokingly talk about people who
"don't get out" who as a result of their limited life experiences do
humorous things. Part of the focus behind contrived networks is to improve the
quality of life of individuals with disabilities by developing a web of caring
people around those who have difficulty making friends or building
relationships.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: .25in;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The
self-developed network offers the potential to be the most natural but also the
most limiting form of network because it relies on the abilities of the
individual with disabilities. Someone with good social skills will develop an
extensive and supportive network. Individuals with disabilities, who often lack
social and other skills important for network development will end up with
impoverished networks.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: .25in;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">For
the purpose of our discussion, it is important to remember that the
self-developed network could include a component from each of the other network
forms. One can imagine someone who receives social security, who attends a
local church and has other friends she has made in the community. However, if
the focal individual is responsible for developing her network, the result may
pale in comparison to a network facilitated by an outside agent understanding
the breadth of her needs.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: .25in;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">If
an individual is developing his own network, to meet his needs, is he the
recipient of an intervention (Rappaport 1977)? It may be that individuals
skilled enough to negotiate society and its systems do not fit into the schema.
Perhaps interventions at the societal level have been successful enough to
allow individuals who in the past needed more intrusive interventions to be
sufficiently successful without intervention. With each scenario described
above, there is also the state supported network poised in the background as a
safety net, but this is true for all.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: .25in;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Analysis of
the Self-Developed Network</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.</span></b><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
Like the existing network, the self-developed network is rated highly in most
of the areas. Weaknesses would come in extensiveness, community position,
potency and transportability. The extensiveness would be limited by the groups
one chooses to associate with. Without encouragement, for example, a person
with developmental disabilities could spend the majority of his life
exclusively with other disabled persons. In such a situation, there would be
the potential for lateral extensivity, however, variability and verticality
might be limited.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: .25in;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The
potency of the network to meet needs would vary according to the type of need.
People with disabilities will often have extensive social networks, with other
disabled persons, through which their emotional needs are met. These same
friends, however, may lack the resources for need meeting in other areas. For
example, should someone need money, his own network might prove limited in
addressing financial needs.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: .25in;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Finally,
the transportability of the network is limited. As one moves to a new area
friends are left behind. One must therefore start over in building a peer group
around oneself.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: .25in;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">An
Illustrative Example</span></b><i><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: .25in;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A
question which might be asked, is "When is one type of network the best
option?" An illustration of when the contrived network could be the most
viable option might be a situation involving emotionally disturbed or mentally
ill persons. The state supported network is unable to meet the needs of these
individuals in its current form. It has been the author's experience that the
Department of Rehabilitation, for example, continues to seek a manner in which
to serve individuals with these types of disabilities adequately. Traditional
supported employment models are lacking for these individuals, as the problems
they experience are different from those of the groups which have been
traditionally served by most supported employment programs (mental retardation,
brain injury, physical disabilities). Additionally, many of these individuals
will not immediately be able to benefit from competitive employment services.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: .25in;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Existing
networks will have difficulty with persons with emotional disturbance as they
pose special challenges. Emotional disturbance is often evidenced through
antisocial behavior. The disability acts itself out through a variety of
behaviors which are considered inappropriate by the larger society. Should an
individual with mental retardation be unable to compute the sum of an addition
problem, one would blame the individual's disability. It is obvious that the
individual "cannot help" that their intellect causes them to be
unable to do mathematics. Another individual with an emotional disorder might
evidence his disability through aggressive behavior, or verbal abuse. These
evidences of disability have a moral tone, as immoral people are often
aggressive and verbally abusive to others. As a result, the response is not
patience with the individual's disability, but ostracism, or disdain. Existing
networks will often have patience with "addition sum" types of disabilities,
but have limited patience with disabilities evidenced through verbal abuse. It
will therefore take significant preparation in order for a network to receive
such an individual.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: .25in;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">There
are also problems with the self-developed network as an option for the
individual with emotional disturbance. Often, these individuals have the types
of disabilities they have because of the networks they move in. If one
considers the typical day of a child placed out of home due to emotional
problems, it revolves around one dysfunctional environment after another. The
group home may be composed of other disturbed individuals. These students go to
school where they are educated among students with emotional problems. They
leave school to go back to their group home where again they are surrounded by
disturbed people. The old saying that "if you want to learn French, go to
France" applies here. What else can the student learn but to continue to
act in the manner that originally put him in the situation he currently finds
himself, if like "France," he is immersed in SED (serious emotional
disturbance). With this background, what types of friends would a disturbed
individual recruit to be a part of his network? Would he look for a friend who
is a good student, a good citizen at school, and has a wonderful family life?
Perhaps this type of friend might be sought out. Maybe he would join a gang. It
is suspected that the individual with emotional problems will seek friends who
reflect his experience, who are like him.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: .25in;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Considering
the above, it seems the best option in this case, might be to contrive a
network around the individual with emotional disturbance. Individuals could be
recruited who have an understanding of the behaviors which accompany this type
of disorder and will therefore be more tolerant. It would be critical that the
network members included individuals who would be consistent, and would be able
to attend over a long term. There is the potential for significant impact with
the application of such an approach.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: center; text-indent: .25in;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Conclusions</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: .25in;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
In his article, In Praise of Paradox, Rappaport (1986) advocated the embracing
of paradox. One interpretation of his argument is that convergent thinking
leading to a single solution only demonstrates a lack of understanding of the
problem. Most social issues are a dialectic. McKnight (1994) argues for the use
of at least two tools in the building of a healthy society; system and
community. Multiple solutions must be put forward to not only meet the
divergent nature of social problems, but to also balance the efforts of those
who think and act convergently.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: .25in;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Although
four network types were evaluated in this paper, much research needs to be
completed to validate the proposed strengths and weaknesses of each of the
networks. In the end, it is suspected that solutions to supporting individuals
will comprise a dialectic or even trialectic of approaches. May we have the
wisdom to see all potential solutions for what they are. Solutions having
potential.</span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">References</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Benton, W.
(1966). <i>Webster's third new international dictionary</i> .
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(1993). <i>Religion in America 1992-1993</i> . Princeton, NJ: Princeton
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(1993). <i>The culture of disbelief</i> . New York, NY: Harper
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L.R. & Roe, C.A. (1985). Factors associated with the employment of
handicapped youth exiting high school from 1979-1983. <i>Exceptional
Children</i> , 51, 455-469.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Illich, I., Zola,
I.K., McKnight, J., Caplan, J., & Shaiken, H. (1977). <i>Disabling
Professions</i> . London: Marion Boyars.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">McKnight, J. (1994).
Two tools for well-being: Health systems and communities. <i>American
Journal of Preventative Medicine</i> , 10, 23-25.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">McKnight, J. (1989).
Do no harm: Policy options that meet human needs. <i>Social Policy</i> ,
20, 5-15.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">McKnight, J. (1987).
Regenerating community. <i>Social Policy</i> , Winter, 54-58.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">McKnight, J. &
Kretzman, J. (1984). Community organizing in the 80's: Toward a post-Alinsky
agenda. <i>Social Policy</i> , 14, 15-17.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">McNair, J. (1991).
Workplace support (Issues in transition). <i>Educational Resources
Information Center (ERIC)</i> , Office of Educational Research and
Improvement, U.S. Department of Education.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">McNair, J.
(1996). <i>The social validation of assumptions and ideas</i> . Paper
submitted for publication.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">McNair, J. &
Rusch, F.R. (1991) Parent involvement in transition programs. <i>Mental
Retardation</i> , 29, 2, 93-101.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">McNair, J. &
Smith, H. (in preparation). Church attendance of adults with mental
retardation.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">McNair, J. &
Swartz, S.L. (in press). Local church supports to individuals with
developmental disabilities. <i>Education and Training in Mental
Retardation and Developmental Disabilities</i> .<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">O'Donnell, C.R.,
Tharp, R.G., & Wilson, K. (1993). Activity settings as the unit of<br />
analysis: A theoretical basis for community intervention and development. <i>America
Journal of Community Psychology</i> , <i>21</i> , 501-520.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Perske, R.
(1988). <i>Circles of friends: People with disabilities and their friends
enrich the lives of one another</i> . Nashville: Abington Press.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pearpoint, J.
(1991). <i>From behind the piano: The building of Judith Snow's unique
circle of friends</i> . Toronto: Inclusion Press<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Rappaport, J. (1986).
In praise of paradox. In E. Seidman and J. Rappaport (Eds.), <i>Redefining
social problems</i> . New York: Plenum Press<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Rappaport, J.
(1977). <i>Community psychology: Values, research and action</i> .
New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sarason, S.B.
(1977). <i>The psychological sense of community</i> . San Francisco:
Jossey-Bass Publishers.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Will, M. (1984,
June). Bridges from school to working life. <i>Interchange</i> , 2-6.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Wolfensberger, W.
(1972). <i>The principle of normalization in human services</i> .
Toronto: National Institute on Mental Retardation. <o:p></o:p></span></p><br />Jeff McNairhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10029386598033932429noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6825243.post-41131082599077480512020-03-12T16:43:00.003-07:002020-03-12T16:43:34.210-07:00DIsability and belonging<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<br />
<div style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-themecolor: text1;">The
church offers great potential for participation in ongoing relationships and
prevention of abandonment. At times, those of us who are not intellectually
disabled, can emphasize the importance of relationships with peers who are not
disabled while those with disabilities may not recognize this difference. We
are motivated to seek to integrate people for the benefit of those without
disabilities (individually and as the Body of Christ) as well as for the
benefit of those with disabilities. We do this out of obedience to our
understanding of what the Bible teaches about people. This is true even though
those with intellectual disabilities themselves might not understand these
motivations and even though the larger Christian church might not understand
these motivations.</span></div>
<br />
<div style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-themecolor: text1;">To
truly embrace belonging, we cannot say to someone, “You belong over there.”
That is not belonging, that is segregation. In spite of the care of those in
the group to which someone is assigned, to be assigned is to not fully belong.
We also see a difference between those doing the assigning and those being
assigned. Howard Thurman in part encapsulated this.</span></div>
<br />
<div style="background: white; margin-left: .5in;">
<span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Segregation can apply only
to a relationship involving the weak and the strong. For it means that
limitations are arbitrarily set up, which, in the course of time, tend to
become fixed and seem normal in governing the etiquette between the two
groups.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A peculiar characteristic of
segregation is the ability of the stronger to shuttle back and forth between
the prescribed areas with complete immunity and a kind of mutually tacit
sanction; while the position of the weaker, on the other hand, is quite
definitely fixed and frozen. (Thurman 1976, p. 42, as cited in McNair &
McKinney, 2015)</span></div>
<br />
<div style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-themecolor: text1;">Belonging
to the Body of Christ versus to a subgroup of the body changes things. If I
belong to the whole body, I have expectations for the whole body. If I belong
to a subgroup of the body, there may be different expectations, but they may or
may not be antithetical to the goals for the entire body. So,</span></div>
<br />
<div style="margin-left: .5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-themecolor: text1;">A.
Subgroups should reflect the mission of the whole (assuming the mission of the
whole is a true reflection of the Bible). </span></div>
<br />
<div style="margin-left: .5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-themecolor: text1;">B.
If the result of the work of the subgroup facilitates the mission (or what
should be the mission), then that is desirable. </span></div>
<br />
<div style="margin-left: .5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-themecolor: text1;">C.
If the mission of the whole is wrong and the subgroup facilitates that mission,
that is wrong. </span></div>
<br />
<div style="margin-left: .5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-themecolor: text1;">D.
But if the mission of the whole is wrong but the subgroup facilitates an
alternative mission that is in line with the teaching of the Bible, then that
subgroup is attempting to facilitate cultural changes within the larger group. </span></div>
<br />
<div style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-themecolor: text1;">Belonging
is basic to that mission. It is also basic to the vision of what the church
should be.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Many churches are not
embracing belonging, and many ministries are not embracing belonging. They may
think they are, but if they are segregated there is an aspect of that mission
that they are not getting entirely right. Leaders who do not embrace people
fully belonging are teaching their congregations about who they believe those
people to be. That is the lesson that has been taught for decades which has led
us to the situation we find ourselves trying to dig out of. </span></div>
<br />
<div style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-themecolor: text1;">This
important conversation is about how to understand and facilitate belonging, is
evidence of the degree to which we have misunderstood, as the Christian church
in the world, our responsibility towards people who have been devalued because
of disabilities they experience. But are we willing to do what belonging would
require?</span></div>
<b></b><i></i><u></u><sub></sub><sup></sup><strike></strike><br />
McNair</div>
Jeff McNairhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10029386598033932429noreply@blogger.com14tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6825243.post-16097960576671503022020-02-10T11:37:00.000-08:002020-02-10T11:37:05.162-08:00Separating people with and without disabilities<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
When I look at ministry that includes persons with disabilities and I admit I am hypersensitive to this issue, I worry about things that we do that separate people with disabilities from people without disabilities. They can be very subtle things. Things that those particularly with intellectual disabilities may not really pick up on. Yet those of us without intellectual disabilities if we think about it, know what we are doing.<br />
<br />
I think about this when ministries are scheduled at times when no one else from the church is present. That type of ministry conveys that it is all about serving the persons with disabilities (not necessarily a bad thing) but that they have little to offer the rest of the congregation so we needn't have them present with everyone else. If we felt they did have something to offer, we would insist that everyone was together at the same time.<br />
<br />
Sometimes we can also treat people in an age inappropriate manner. We interact with them in ways that we as those without intellectual disabilities would likely not tolerate if we were treated that way. Yet because of our perception that they do not understand, we can treat them in that manner and for many, they will not understand what is happening to them.<br />
<br />
Age appropriateness should be a critical consideration in any form of ministry. People can be socialized into thinking they are children and accept that treatment. I know of people with disabilities who have been socialized in this manner and are like that. People can also be socialized into thinking they are the age that they are chronologically. I know people who are like that too. They will not tolerate being treated in a way that doesn't respect them as adults. If I were to treat you in a way that doesn't respect you as an adult, according to your age, you would likely be offended. It is my desire that persons with disabilities, whatever their disability might be, would also not be separated, and not be treated in a manner that is not commensurate with the respect that they should receive according to their age.<br />
<br />
This is a subtle consideration but very important.<br />
<br />
McNair</div>
Jeff McNairhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10029386598033932429noreply@blogger.com12tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6825243.post-44651592232178304772020-01-16T11:41:00.001-08:002020-01-17T10:27:32.407-08:00Stop "blaming" people with disabilities!<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
When you try to answer the question "What is disability?" the typical response, typical understanding is based upon two "models" of disability. The medical model says that disability is a characteristic of individuals. So I have a visual impairment or I use a wheelchair. However as research has indicated, the experience of persons with disabilities cannot be explained on the basis of their impairment. That is, there is something else which must be taken into account in understanding what disability is. The social model was developed to try to explain that. The social model says that the experience of disability is in part the experience of being discriminated against because of this characteristic one has called impairment. If we truly want to understand disability and assist those who experience disability we need to maximize a persons skills <i>and</i> change a discriminatory social environment.<br />
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It is interesting, however, how we have many different strategies that we use to teach people with disabilities or help them to not be limited by their impairment: medical model interventions. Yet we do next to nothing to change social environments such that people do not experience the other part of disability, discrimination: social model interventions. If for some reason you are not successful in a job, we seem to assume you were the problem and we give you more training. If you are excluded from a social environment, we assume you were the problem and try to improve your social skills. The take home lesson, is that if I experience discrimination because of a characteristic I have, the answer is to somehow fix me. I don't think we really feel the hurtfulness of that.<br />
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We need to stop "blaming" people with disabilities. You might think I am overstating this response, but when have you ever interacted with schools or human service agencies where the focus of their efforts was social environment change versus solely changing the individual with the disability? As stated, we have myriad interventions to improve the skills of individuals. Do we have any strategies that are employed to change social environments? It is as if there is no knowledge of the fact that a major understanding of what the experience of disability is, is to be discriminated against by the social environment. Many people who I have spoken to will tell me, the most difficult part of having a disability is not the disability but the way you are treated if you have a disability. Now this is a very broad statement, and there are many disabilities where there is great suffering experienced. But there are many others for which this statement is true.<br />
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But what does this have to do with the Christian community? It is arguable that efforts that people make to include persons with impairments into local churches are perhaps the ONLY efforts being made to change the social environment. Things you have read on this blog about cultural change within the church are perfect examples of this social model type of intervention. We say that we need to accept people with disabilities, as they are, and work to change the church social environment such that it is more loving of its neighbor. Can you detect the HUGE difference here? We have moved away from blaming someone for the discrimination they face, seeking to continually improve them in some way such that they might be "acceptable" the to social environment. Instead we say to the social environment, "You need to change." "When are you going to love your neighbor?"<br />
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This is an important realization.<br />
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It is we in the Christian community who should and to some degree are the only ones truly working on social environment change, seeing ourselves as the purveyors of discrimination and working toward the goals of inclusion and belonging as if we were working on an IEP for the church.<br />
May God forgive us for our lack of love.<br />
But may God also bless us with great progress as we seek to be the place where social model change is truly being explored, embraced and implemented!<br />
<br />
McNair</div>
Jeff McNairhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10029386598033932429noreply@blogger.com7tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6825243.post-61115954664551100892020-01-08T21:52:00.000-08:002020-01-08T21:52:20.149-08:00Disability ministry: Our Light & Power Class song<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
The ministry that my wife Kathi and I facilitate along with others is called the Light & Power Company. We meet at Trinity EV Free Church in Redlands, California. Recently, I ask Scott Freeman, our worship leader and facilitator to write a song about the class. He wrote "Light and Power in Jesus Name" which has become our class's theme song over the past few months. Brandt Haas is the videographer and editor. Below is a link to the video. It is fun and reveals a lot about how we do ministry among adults with intellectual disability. Enjoy!<br />
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Jeff McNairhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10029386598033932429noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6825243.post-59733227645932445272020-01-06T10:45:00.001-08:002020-01-06T10:45:25.099-08:00More thoughts on Disability Ministry and Cultural Change within the Church<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
I am currently awaiting the publication of an article I wrote related to the kinds/areas of cultural change that need to occur within the church. These areas will be addressed more fully when that article is hopefully published. But in the meantime, here are the areas addressed that I believe need to be considered in doing cultural change.<br />
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<b>14 Areas for Cultural Change</b><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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1.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span>The typical worship service<span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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2.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span>Who is invited to friendship<span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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3.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span>Religious education/faith development - practice<span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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4.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span>Religious education/faith development - goals<span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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5.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span>Religious education/faith development - outcomes<span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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6.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span>Affirming what should be affirmed in our culture<span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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7.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span>Facilitating presence of persons with disabilities<span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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8.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span>Providing opportunities for involvement/roles<span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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9.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span>Creating platforms for prophetic voices<span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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10.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span>Seeing needs and addressing them<span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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11. Understanding programs versus relationships<span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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12.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span>Evangelizing people with disabilities and discipling them<span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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13.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span>Broadening acceptable social skills in the church</div>
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14.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span>Ecumenical cooperation in supporting people with disabilities and their families</div>
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Be watching for more in these areas. Also make any suggestions you might have in the comments.<br />
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McNair<br />
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Jeff McNairhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10029386598033932429noreply@blogger.com4tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6825243.post-60757753987244662972019-12-27T10:14:00.002-08:002019-12-27T10:14:36.850-08:00Disability ministry and cultural change in the church<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
Matthew 9:16-17<br />
"Besides, who would patch old clothing with new cloth? For the new patch would shrink and rip away from the old cloth, leaving an even bigger tear than before. And no one puts new wine into old wineskins. For the old skins would burst from the pressure, spilling the wine and ruining the skins. New wine is stored in new wineskins so that both are preserved."<br />
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Jesus replied this way to the disciple of John the Baptist when they asked about his disciples and their fasting. There might be an aspect of this which applies to the cultural changes in the church that need to occur with the presence of persons with disabilities. The old cloth or old wineskins might be the past and at times current practices of the church in relation to persons with impairments. The new patch or new wine, may be inclusion and belonging of persons with disabilities that does not easily work under the old practices. That is why something new is required.<br />
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Disability ministry done well is not simply a room where persons with impairments go, or another program on a night when no one else is there. Would you feel loved and a part of a church, if you were only invited to come there when people who others wrongly considered as having a life defining characteristic were also invited or present? What you experience might be better than no involvement or better than what you have experienced in the past, but it is not what is best for everyone. I will at times try to illustrate this by talking about a church having a "ministry to blue people." Imagine a church that only invited people with blue skin to come on a night, once a week or once a month. This form of discrimination would become the defining characteristic of that group. Yet we think that is OK when it comes to persons with disabilities.<br />
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Maybe the cultural change that needs to occur in churches is tantamount to new clothing because the new cloth patch wouldn't hold or new wine skins to hold the new wine. I think one of the points of this is that if the clothing can't be patched, it must be replaced. The new wine needs to be put into a wineskins and the old won't work anymore. The new wine is put into new wineskins so BOTH are preserved. The cultural change needs a culturally changed setting so "both are preserved." It is as Jesus demonstrated. Something that needs to be changed, should be changed. Applying the metaphor to our subject, the change will be good for both the church and those with impairments.<br />
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McNair</div>
Jeff McNairhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10029386598033932429noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6825243.post-65765915583765242512019-12-04T10:25:00.003-08:002019-12-27T10:18:54.770-08:00The friends of musicians' ministry<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
A group of people gathered in a room. Some carried musical instruments that they carefully removed from their cases and proceeded to warm up playing various scales. A kind person strolled to the front of the room and the sound quieted a bit.<br />
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"Welcome everyone to our Wednesday night friends of musicians meeting! I see you have brought your instruments which is great. I am so blessed by being with you on these evening meetings twice a month."<br />
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The musicians and those accompanying them smiled back cheerfully.<br />
"Sometimes I wish more of our church family could hear you play your instruments."<br />
The leader paused.<br />
"But we have had our ministry to musicians twice a month like this for so long. The way it is, is just part of how we are."<br />
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Most of the musicians had always been separated like this and didn't have experience otherwise. So they gathered in groups and played their instruments together. There was much joy and laughter as well as genuine appreciation for their gifting. They were really quite skilled. Those with them did not have the same gifting, were not talented musically, but they sat with them, listened happily and provided encouragement. Yet, they had become used to the tradition of segregation where no musicians ever came to church or worship on Sunday.<br />
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"If musicians came on Sunday, we would probably have to change the way we do things" was the feeling of many people. "We would have to sing songs or listen to instrumentals being played. Our worship service would probably be a lot different if we included musicians and I like it the way it is."<br />
But at one meeting where such a statement was made, a brave soul spoke up.<br />
"I wonder if musicians are God gifted musically so that the way we do church would change, would be different. I wonder what worship would be like if we integrated musicians and allowed them to express their gifting?<br />
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A leader spoke up.<br />
"I don't want people staring at people when they play their clarinet, their instrument. And some people don't like music so I don't want people to feel bad because of those people. Why should people feel bad about being a musician?"<br />
The lone voice responded, "But the Bible itself talks about music and how people who are created as musicians are indispensable, have much to contribute and are to be celebrated. Their lives have purpose for the whole community."<br />
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"We are not changing so that musicians can demonstrate their gifting. Let them be together twice a month on Wednesday night and demonstrate their <i>gifting</i> then."<br />
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McNair</div>
Jeff McNairhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10029386598033932429noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6825243.post-46287115515944045272019-11-21T08:43:00.001-08:002019-11-21T08:43:19.819-08:00JCID The Journal of the Christian Institute on Disability is now FREE!<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
At the Christian Institute on Disability, a part of the Joni and Friends organization, we have been publishing a journal since 2012. Up till now, there was a cost for subscription or for individual articles. Recently, we have worked to put JCID completely online and make it free for users. I would invite you to visit the website and check it out!<br />
If you go here <a href="https://journal.joniandfriends.org/index.php/jcid">https://journal.joniandfriends.org/index.php/jcid</a> you will be taken to the latest issue where you can read Dr. Ben Rhodes and my article entitled, Toward a Christian Model of Disability. You will also be able to read some responses from leaders in disability ministry to the ideas presented there.<br />
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So please take a minute, visit the website and read the articles!<br />
God bless,<br />
McNair</div>
Jeff McNairhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10029386598033932429noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6825243.post-64849333971962846382019-11-21T08:33:00.001-08:002019-11-21T08:33:28.267-08:00Segregation of persons with disabilities<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
I was recently in a meeting where I was sharing about the importance of people being fully integrated into the church. Change in church culture begins with presence. <a href="https://disabledchristianity.blogspot.com/2017/06/presence-of-persons-with-disabilities.html" target="_blank">See a discussion of this here.</a><br />
One parent of an adult son spoke up. I will paraphrase the person, but the comment was basically, "I want segregation! Segregation is the best thing for my son!" When I pushed back gently, the response was, "I want a place (referring to a segregated ministry that meets once a month on a week night) where no one will look at my son as if he is different. I want a place where he will be accepted. So that is why I want segregation."<br />
I responded that "If there are places where your son experiences that kind of treatment, I can understand why you would feel that way. However, how will those places ever change if there is not integration?"<br />
If the person's son is always segregated and is never in contact with other members of the community, then his presence will always be strange because his presence is unusual. However, should that same son be regularly in the mix with everyone else, he will become familiar and hopefully invited to friendship with others. Persons with disabilities are actually very common members of our community unless we isolate them from the community. We make people who are just people seem strange by the social isolation we impose upon them and we shouldn't do that.<br />
Should people fear integrating family members, particularly those with severe disabilities into the community? I can see their concerns, particularly if people have experienced some form of discrimination or poor treatment in the past. It is our natural reaction to protect ourselves or our children. But at the same time, change in our communities will never occur if people are segregated. It is only presence that will lead to cultural change in how we do things. This is true in the church when our traditional ways of doing things can get in the way of the changes that need to occur for integration to take place.<br />
Arguably, the very first step in cultural change is presence. Let's do all we can to facilitate the presence and then model the acceptance that we endeavor to see.<br />
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McNair</div>
Jeff McNairhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10029386598033932429noreply@blogger.com9tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6825243.post-32460540394525441132019-07-15T12:10:00.001-07:002019-07-15T12:10:29.061-07:00Inclusion of persons with disabilities in the church<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
As had been mentioned before in this blog, my wife and I lead a ministry to adults with disabilities at my local church. Its called the Light and Power Company. Each week we have a typical bible lesson to the 50-80 adults who are present. This past week, we studied the passages from
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<span>Luke 6:6-11, Matthew 2:9-14, and Mark 3:1-6 where Jesus healed a man's right hand, on the Sabbath, in the synagogue. The story is interesting on a variety of fronts. But the aspect that struck me this time, was how the leadership would refuse to see the obvious positive nature of Jesus healing the man's hand. This was no doubt a person in their community, familiar to them, who perhaps experienced hardship because of his impairment. To their credit, he was in the congregation, hopefully not just invited on this one occasion to try to "trip" Jesus up. </span></div>
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<span>When Jesus does heal the man's hand, their response it to want to kill him. Their theology is wrong on so many levels. Wrong in not loving their neighbor, wrong in putting their traditions over the commands of God, and wrong in their response to Jesus doing an obviously beautiful thing for the man. But Jesus' actions didn't fit into their tradition straight jacket they had been conditioned to believe. Because we have not done something in a particular way, because I haven't be trained about this response, perhaps as with the Pharisees I have been trained to think this change in tradition is wrong, I will resist it.</span></div>
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<span>We continue to stand at a crossroads in ministry. Will we love all our neighbors and embrace the changes that need to occur to love them and include them? Or will we, like the Pharisees, literally conspire to do evil in the process of resisting change. Hopefully we are not plotting the kinds of things the leaders in Jesus' time were, but we can still engage in evil when we exclude people on the characteristic called impairment. </span></div>
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<span>Its sad how we can see the blindness in the Pharisees when they can't see something clearly presented, but cannot see our own blindness. A similar story could be told about where some of us are in our stranglehold on tradition.</span></div>
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<span>McNair</span></div>
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Jeff McNairhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10029386598033932429noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6825243.post-90036890697838298572019-04-23T14:04:00.000-07:002019-04-23T14:04:02.919-07:00Disability ministry and social skills<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
In the last month, I have had the opportunity to travel to two places which are quite different when it comes to social skills. In France, I was at times greeted with a kiss on the cheek. In China, I learned a new meaning of "personal space" in that people will get very close to each other, even strangers. It occurred to me, if I kissed a man in China on the cheek, or stood as close to someone in France as people did in China, I would be considered quite strange because of the social customs of each place. There is nothing at all wrong with the social customs in either of these places. If I were to stand close or kiss on the cheek, I am not doing anything wrong...from a moral perspective. However, because of social traditions, I would be very wrong in either place.<br />
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Can we make this connection with those with disabilities who do not understand social skills? They are like the French person who kisses the Chinese person on the cheek, or the Chinese person who stand too close to the French person. They have done nothing wrong. They have only carried their tradition of social behavior to a place where the understanding of social behavior is different. As soon as we understand that people are from different places, we will likely forgive the misunderstanding and even enjoy or embrace it. When we go to those places, one of the things we enjoy are the differences in culture we experience. Are we willing to do the same for people who are not from a different culture, but just don't understand the social skill demands of the place where they are?<br />
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Social skills are too often the reason why person are excluded or rejected. As stated elsewhere in this blog, we hold to our traditions and reject the command of God to love our neighbor (see this posting on <a href="https://disabledchristianity.blogspot.com/2018/09/disability-ministry-and-traditions.html" target="_blank">Disability Ministry and Traditions</a>). How refreshing it would be if we were more accepting of others and their differences, particularly those which are simply social skill differences. May God help us to not let small things like social skills get in the way of loving our neighbors.<br />
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McNair</div>
Jeff McNairhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10029386598033932429noreply@blogger.com9tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6825243.post-57616907068915134852019-04-05T18:52:00.000-07:002019-04-05T18:52:00.043-07:00Disability as it relates to people, the community and God.<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
I have been thinking a lot about relationships involving individuals, the community and God. <a href="https://disabledchristianity.blogspot.com/2017/09/a-christian-model-of-disability.html" target="_blank">See this link for some of my thoughts</a>. Recently in putting together a sermon on 1 Corinthians 12, the following occurred to me.<br />
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px;">"Like the Corinthian
church that Paul addresses, we face the same issues of disobedience that they
did. We need to look at ourselves in the light of his exhortations. Because we
have ignored or excluded individuals with disabilities, we have not become all
that the Body of Christ should be. But we actually do not know what we would
become if parts of the body that have been excluded were now included. </span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px;">God in his
sovereignty, has created individuals and his church. The way both of those are
reflects how he wants them to be. Under his sovereignty, people are the way
they are for themselves, for the community and ultimately for God. <b>If someone
is rejected because of personal characteristics, this reflects a
misunderstanding of people, community and God.</b> It is a threefold mistake.
People aren’t able to express their God given purpose. The community or the
Body of Christ will never become what it was meant to be, and arguably we are
disobedient to God’s sovereign purpose."</span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px;">I recently heard someone say that rejection of people is a "sin against the Body of Christ." I agree with that, that is how serious it is. This threefold mistake is so basic. It calls so much into question.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px;">McNair</span></div>
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Jeff McNairhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10029386598033932429noreply@blogger.com6tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6825243.post-90376325427590899052019-02-08T17:10:00.000-08:002019-02-08T17:10:04.490-08:00Euthanasia of children with disabilities<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
From Dr. Wolf Wolfensberger (1976)<br />
"When legalization of euthanasia comes, it will come in the name of six favorite deceptions and disguises. They will say (as I can clearly document) that putting a person to death is good medicine and good science. The second disguise will be mercy, love, humanism and honesty. Thirdly, religion: remember that Satan pretends to be God. This is his favorite disguise at all times. So we will be, and have been, told that it is good Christianity to put people to death. The fourth one is the denial of the value of life, the claim that certain lives are not worthy, perhaps invoking cost-benefit issues. Fifthly, of course, and maybe the most obvious one, is the denial of humanness of a person and that, therefore, murder will not be murder. Sixthly, euthanasia will be good law. It is essential that we should recognize those six signs, because they have much persuasive power." ( The Prophetic Voice and Presence of Mentally Retarded People in the World today, 1976, p 30).<br />
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In all the discussion revolving around the NY, Virginia and Vermont laws, there seems to be the underlying idea that infanticide/euthanasia is particularly ok if a child is born with a disability. Somehow, #5 above is always in play because if someone is disabled their lives are not worth living. It is crazy that the same people who would support the taking of the lives of children with disabilities, claim to support children and adults with disabilities. I wonder how long that will last if we move down the slope of infanticide. If it is ok to murder newborns, why not ok later in life. We have seen in Europe the permission to euthanize children up to age 4 (autism is often not diagnosed till age 30 months or later). Is that the next step that will be advocated in the name of "women's health?"<br />
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We all have heard of Roe vs. Wade, but have you heard of Doe vs. Bolton? This is the law that basically permits late term abortions for just about any reason. Don't believe me? Search the law.<br />
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"In a Los Angeles Times analysis, David Savage explained: ""[Supreme Court Justice Harry] Blackmun had said that abortion'must be left to the medical judgment of the pregnant woman's attending physician.' So long as doctors were willing to perform abortions - and clinics soon opened to do so - the court's ruling said they could not be restricted from doing so at least through the first six months of pregnancy." During the final trimester, "It soon became clear that if a patient's 'emotional well-being' was reason enough to justify an abortion, than any abortion could be justified." (https://secure.mccl.org/doe-v-bolton.html more information is available on this website).<br />
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Could the "health" of the mother be considered as a reason for infanticide if it is use as a justification for late term abortions? Seems like a logical next step. Mothers will often experience emotional stress at the birth of a child with a disability. Get ready for the horror of the next likely step.<br />
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Please wake up Democrats and Republicans too if it applies to you as well! Do not support this evil.<br />
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McNair<br />
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Jeff McNairhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10029386598033932429noreply@blogger.com7tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6825243.post-27783950780789793562019-01-24T10:25:00.000-08:002019-01-24T10:25:24.963-08:00Disability ministry perceptions<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
So often, when we consider the development of ministry to persons in some way affected by disability, we focus on our perceptions of the situation. We have customary ways of doing things that have become comfortable and ingrained. Then someone comes to us who either cannot or will not participate in those customary practices. During the times when we don't reject them, we tend to think about our perceptions of the situation. What do I need to do? How am I feeling? How can I help these people? It strikes me that although these are good questions to ask ourselves, they only reveal half of the equation.<br />
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I wonder what people with autism perceive when they come to church? What do they perceive when they enter a social situation? It would be interesting to begin by trying to understand their perspective.<br />
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Imagine someone with a disability, say autism or intellectual disability, riding in a car on the way to church. What are they thinking? As they get out of the car and walk toward the door of the church or the ministry, what are they anticipating will happen or are hoping will happen? As they go into the worship service, do they understand what that is about? When people around them are singing and raising their hands, what do they perceive that activity to be? If we were to explain to them what worship is, would they feel they have worshiped? Do we know the answers to these questions. When the class/ministry/church experience for the day is over, would the person say, "Yes, I received today what I was hoping to receive from my experience at church."<br />
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In part, the answer to this question goes to the culture of the church or ministry. If people have different perceptions of the world due to disabilities that impact their intellect, are the activities that impact those without those types of disabilities touching them in the same way?<br />
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Take for example something as "intuitive" as friendship. I have a man who is a friend of mine who is autistic. He seems to be constantly always on the lookout for a friend. He will attempt to reach out in friendship to others, people with intellectual disabilities, and although they might respond in a friendly manner, they seem to not be providing what he is after. His perception or understanding of friendship seems in some ways to be different from theirs. And like many people without disabilities, they either don't understand what he is after or are not interested in engaging in the type of completely appropriate relationship that he is seeking.<br />
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I think it would do us well in ministry to attempt to understand how those we are seeking to serve perceive us, what we are trying to do, and whether to them, we are being successful. What we learn would not only impact what we do in ministry, but potentially also impact recommendations we would make on how these same individuals might be socialized in their upbringing.<br />
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McNair<br />
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Jeff McNairhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10029386598033932429noreply@blogger.com13tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6825243.post-18753288111494977872019-01-21T15:10:00.000-08:002019-01-28T17:22:36.620-08:00Dr. Martin Luther King and "changing the edifice"<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1d2129; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">I have been thinking and writing a lot lately about the ways in which the Christian community's culture needs to change in order to better love our neighbors, in particular those with disabilities. In that process, I ran across this amazing quote from Dr. Martin Luther King. He said,</span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1d2129; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><br /></span>
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1d2129; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">"On the one hand we are called to play the good Samaritan on life’s roadside; but that will be only an initial act. One day we must come to see that the whole Jericho road must be transformed so that men and women will not be constantly beaten and robbed as they make their journey on life’s highway. True compassion is more than flinging a coin to a beggar; it is not haphazard and superficial. It comes to see that an edifice which produces beggars needs restructuring." (“A time to break the silence,” 1967)</span><b></b><i></i><u></u><sub></sub><sup></sup><strike></strike><br />
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I think this is particularly relevant in the context of developing an inclusive church culture. People can be fooled into thinking that the answer to ministry to persons with disabilities is some form of segregated ministry whether it is at the church or in a different place. This is the "haphazard and superficial" approach to disability ministry. We have meetings on days when few people are at church. We have segregated programs for every age group. These make us feel like we are doing something but in reality we are not doing what is needed.<br />
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As Dr. King instructed us, we need to change the edifice that causes us to settle for flinging a coin to a beggar. But changing environments, such that the changes that are required are implemented, is exceedingly difficult. This is the hard work of disability ministry. We reflect on how we do things, our traditions, etc. and then seek to change any edifices that cause us to be straight jacketed into "solutions" which may actually exacerbate difficulties for those we are claiming to assist.<br />
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Flinging the coin to the beggar won't keep him from living in poverty. Segregated ministries will not cause the church to become what it needs to be if it wants to truly love its neighbor.<br />
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McNair</div>
Jeff McNairhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10029386598033932429noreply@blogger.com3